10.1ª.09 BIBLIOGRAFIA.

 

                                           

   Capítulo 1.   Introducción.

  • Berendes J, Link R, Qollner F. Tratado de Otorrinolaringología, volumen III, 2ª parte, Oído. Editorial Científico Médica, Barcelona. 1969.
  • Berkowitz R, Marks M. Ear, nose and throat conditions. In K. Thomson, D. Tey & M. Marks (Eds), Paediatric handbook (8th edn, pp. 287-297). Melbourne: Wiley-Blackwell. 2009.
  • Berman S. Otitis media in children. N Engl J Med 1995;332: 1560-1565.
  • Bernsteim JM. Otitis Media. En: Middleton Jr E, Reed CE, Ellis EF et al. Allergy: principles and practice; vol 2. St Louis: Mosby 4a. Ed. 1993: 1471-87.
  • Bertan MJ. Otitis. Medicine (3º series), ed española 57:3667-3676.
  • Bluestone CD. State of the art: Definition and classifications. En: Lim, D.J. Bluestone CD, Klein JO, Nelson JD. Recent Advances in otitis Media with Effusion. B.C. Decker, toronto 1984; 1-14.
  • Bluestone Ch C, Klein JO. Otitis Media in Infants and Children. saunder Company 1988. 
  • Bluestone C, Klein J. Otitis media en lactantes y niños. 2ª ed. Argentina, Panamericana, 1996.
  • Blustone CD, Stephenson JS, Martin LM. Ten-year review of otitis mediapathogens. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992;11:S7-S11.
  • Blustone CD, Stool SE, Keenna MA. Pediatric Otolaryngology, Vol 2. Pittsburgh. 3rd ed. W.B.Saunders. 22:388-582, 1996.
  • Burnstein JA. Otitis media in children. N Engi J Med 1995;333:1151-1152.▪    Castaño R. Otitis media crónica como problema de salud pública en países en vía de desarrollo. Acta de otorrinolaringología y cirugía de cabeza y cuello 2001;29:101-108.
  • Castillo del Marin F. Otitis media aguda. ¿Una enfermedad olvidada en nuestro medio? Pediatrika 1990;10:9-10.
  • Coffey JD, Jr. Otitis media in the practice of pediatrics. Pediatrics 1966;38:25-32.
  • Faden H, Duffy L, Boeve M. Otitis media : back to basics. Pediatr. Infect. Dis J, 1998;17:1105-13.
  • Froom J, Mold J, Culpepper I, Boisseau V. The spectrum of otitis media in family practice. J Fam Pract 1980;10:599-605.
  • Howie VM. Otitis media and otitis rexterna. En: Principies and practice of infections diseases. Mandell/Douglas/Bennett (Eds). Willey Comp 1989.
  • Klein JO. Otitis media. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:823-33.
  • Kerschner JE. Otitis media. In R. Kliegman, R. Behrman, H. Jenson & B. Stanton (Eds), Nelson textbook of pediatrics (18th edn, pp. 2632-2645). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. 2007.
  • Lein l, Tis M, Hussi B. et al. Definition and elassification of otitis media. Ann Oto¡ Rhinol Laryrigol, 1989;JO suppl 139:112-115.
  • Lim DJ, De Maria TF, Bakaletz LO Currente cocepts of pathogenesis of otttis media: A riew.Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1988;Supple 458:174-180.
  • Lowe JF, Bamforth JS, Pracy R. Acute otitis media: one year in a gneral practice. lancet 1963;2:1129-1132.
  • Luloff AK, Menyuk P, Téele DVV. Effects of persistent otitis media on the speech sound repertoire of infants. En: Lim D), Bluestone CD. Klein JO, Nelson JID, Ogra PL, ed. Recent acívances in otitis media. Proccedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Harnilton: Decker Periodicais, 1993: 531-533.
  • Maxson S, Yamauchi T. Acute otitis media. Pediatr Rev 1996;17(6):191-195.
  • Siegel R, Bien J. Acute otitis media in children: a continuing story. Pediatr Rev 2004;25(6):187-198.
  • Medical Research Council of Great Britain. Acute otitis media in general practice. Lancet 1957;2:510-514.
  • Shaikh N, Hoberman A. Update: Acute Otitis Media. Pediatric Annals, 2010;39(1): 28-34.

                                                                  

  Capítulo 2.   Epidemiología, etiología y etiopatogenia de la OMA.

  • Alho OP, Mattik, Sorri M. et al - Risk factors for recurrent acute otitis media and respiratory infection in infancy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1990;19:151-163.
  • Arola M, Rouskanen O, Ziegler T. Clinical role of respiratory virus in acute otitis media. Pediatr 1990;86:848-855.
  • Block SL, Harrison CJ, Hendrick JA, y col. Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in acute otitis media: risk factors, susceptibility patterns and antimicrobial management. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14:751-9.
  • Block SL, Hedrick J, Harrison CJ, Tyler R, Smith A, Findlay R, Keegan E. Pneumococcal serotypes from acute otitis media in rural Kentucky. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:859-65. [Pub-Med]

  • Bluestone CD, Paradise JL, Beery QC, Wittel R. Cetain effects of cleft palate repair on eustachium tube function. clef Pal J 1972;9:183-189..  

  • Bluestone CD. Eustachian tube function and allergy in otitis media. Pedaitrics 1978;61:753-760.
  • Bluestone CD, Doyle WJ (Eds). Eustachian tube function: Phisiology and role in otitis media: Workshop report. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1985;94 (Suppl. 120):1-60.
  • Bluestone CD, Stephenson JS, Martin LM. Ten years review of otitis media pathogens. Pedriatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11:S7-11. 
  • del Castillo G, García Perca A, Baquero Artigao F. Bacteriology of acute otitis media in Spain: a prospective study based on tympanocentesis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15: 541-543.
  • Chonmaitree T, Owen MJ, Howle VM. Respiratory viruses interfere with bacteriologic response to antibiotic in children with acute otitis media. J Infect Dis 1990:162:546-549.
  • Chonmaitree T, Heikkinen T. Viruses and acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Diseases J 2000; 19:1005-1008.
  • Chonmaitree T. Viral and bacterial interaction in acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Diseases J 2000;19:24S-30S.
  • Coates HL, Morris PS, Leach AJ, Couzos S. Otitis media in Aboriginal children: tackling a major health problem 2002; 19;177:177-8. [Pub-Med]
  • Coker T, Chan L, Newberry S, Limbos M, Suttorp M, Shekelle P, Takata G. Diagnosis, Microbial Epidemiology, and Antibiotic Treatment of Acute Otitis Media in Children – A Systematic Review. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 2010;304(19):2161-2169.
  • Del Castillo Martín F. Otitis media aguda. ¿Una enfermedad olvidada en nuestro medio. Pediatrika 1990;10:9-10.
  • Darritchon E, Garriga P. Bacteriología del oído sano y enfermo. Revista chilena de ORL 1971;31:1.
  • Derkay CS, Bluestone CD, Thompson AE, Kardatske D. Otitis media in the pediatric intensive care unit: A prospective study. otolaryngolol Head Neck Surg 1989;100:292-299.
  • Doyle WJ, Bluestone CD. Eustachian tube funtion in clet palate children. An Oto Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89:34.
  • Doyle WJ, Fireman P. Role of allergy in the pathogenesis of otitis media wihth effusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1988; 97 (Suppl):49.
  • Farley MM, Stephens DS, Kap`lan SL, Mason EO Jr. Pilus and non-pilus mediated interactions of Haemopilus influenzae type B with human erythrocytes and human nasopharingeal mucosa. J Infect Dis 1990;161:274-285.
  • Fujita K, Iseki, Yoshioka H, Sasaki T, Nakamura M. Bacteriology of otitis media inJapanese children Am J Dis Child 1983;137:152-154.
  • Gardner G, Frank AL, Taber LH. Effects of social and family factors on viral respiratory infection and ilness in the first year of life. Epidemiol Community Health 1984;38:42-48.
  • Gehano P, Pellisse JM. Otitis agudas en la infancia. vie Medicale (ed esp) 1972;3:28-35. 
  • Giebink GS. Epidemiology and natural history of otitis media. In Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Bluestone CD, Klein JO, Nelson JD eds; 1984, CV Mosby Co. St Louis. p. 5-9.
  • Gosain A, Conley S, Marks S, Larson D. Submucous cleft palate: diagnostic methods and outcomes of surgical treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996;97(7):1497-1509.
  • Harabuchi Y, Faden H,Yamanaka N, Stanievich V, Siven S.G. Nasopha-ryngeal colonization with riontypable Haemophilus influenzae and recur-rent otitis media. Infect Dis 1994;170:862-866.
  • Holmes GE, Hassaneink M, Miller HC. Factor assodiated with infections among breast-fed babies and babies fed proprietary milks. Pediatrics 1983;72:300-306.
  • Howie VM, Ploussard JH. The in vivo sensivity test bacteriology of middle ear exudate. Pediatrics 1969; 44:940.
  • Howie VM, Ploussard JH, Sloyer J. The “otitis prone”condition. Am J DisChild 1975; 1129:676.
  • Kallail KJ, Rainbolt HR, Bruntzel MD. Passive smoking and middle ear problems in Kansas public school children. J Commun Disord 1987;20:187-196.
  • Karna P. Morbilidad en niños pequeños con o sin otitis media aguda. Acta O.R.L. 1989;107:460-466.
  • Käyhty H, Eskola HJ. New vaccines for the prevention of pneumococcal infections Emerg Infect Dis 1996:289-95.
  • Kero P, Piekkala P. Factor affecting the ocurrence of acute otitis media during the first year of life. Acta Padiatrics Scand 1987;76:619-622.
  • Klugman KP. Pneumococcal resistance to antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990;3:171-96.
  • Kong K, Coates H. Natural history, definitions, risk factors and burden of otitis media. The Medical Journal of Australia, 2009;191(9), S39-43.
  • Kvaerner KJ, Nafstad P, Jaakkola JJ. Otolaryngological surgery and upper respiratory tract infections in children: an epidemiological study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2002;111(11):1034-9.
  • Lanphear BP, Byrd RS, Awinger P, Hall CB. Increasing prevalence of recurrent otitis media among children in the United States. Pediatrics 1997;99:e11.
  • McCoy S, Pettigrew M. Molecular epidemiology of streptococcus pneumoniae mediated otitis media. Front Biosci. 2003;1;8:E87-93.
  • Megrad E, de Estapis X, Devers F, Traisac I. Etude bacteriologique des otites moyennes aigües de l´enfant. Ann Fr Pediatr 1987;44:419-422.
  • Merkulova EP, Prozorovskaia KN, Babaian SS, Lialikova GV. Status of humoral defense mechanisms of the middle ear in young children with acute suppurative otitis media. Vestn Otorinolaringol (USSR) 1989;105:51-54.
  • Mion O, de Mello JF , Lessa MM, et al. The role of rhinitis in chronic otitis media. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003;128:27-31.
  • Mogi G, Chaen T, Tomonaga K. Influence of nasal allergic reactions on the clearance of middle ear effusion. Archives of otolaryngology 1990; 116:331-334.
  • Ogawa H, Fujisawa T, Zakuyama Y. Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae from middle ear asprates of otitis media with effusión: A case report. J Infect Dis 1990;162:1000.
  • Paradise JL. Otitis media in infants and children. Pediatrics 1980; 65:917-942.
  • Paradise JL. A 15-month-old child with recurrent otitis media. JAMA. 2002;27;288(20):2589-98.
  • Pedreira FA et al. Involuntary smoking and incidence of respiratory illness during the first year of life. Pediatrics 1985;75:594-597.
  • Peltola H, Rad TA, Jóndóttir K, Böttiger M, Coolidge AS. Life-trathening Haemophilus influenzae infections in Scandinavia: A five-ountry analysis of the incidence and the main clinican and bacteriological characteristics. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12:708-715.
  • Piitkaranta A, Virolainen A, Jero J, Urruda E, Hayden F. Detección de infecciones por rinovirus, virus respiratorio sincitial y coronavirus en la otitis media aguda mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcriptasa inversa. Pediatrics (ed esp) 1998; 6:85-89.
  • Pineda V, Fontanals D, Larramona H, Domingo M, Anton J, Segura F. Epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in children in an area of Barcelona, Spain. Acta Paediatr. 2002;91(11):1251-6.
  • Procedings of an International Congress on Haemophilus influenzae. Awareness Held inUSA in September, 1986.
  • Pukander J, Luotonen J, Sipila M, Tinomen M, Karma P. Incidence of acute otitis media. acta Otolaryngol 1982;93:447-453.
  • Redmond StR, Pichichero ME. Haemophilus influenzae type B disease. JAMA 1984;252:2581-2584. 
  • Roberts JE, Burchinal MR, Zeisel SA. Otitis media in early childhood in relation to children's school-age language and academic skills. Pediatrics. 2002;110:696-706. [Pub-Med]
  • Ruskanen 0, Arola M, Putto-Launla A, Hall J. Acute otitis media and respiratory virus infections. Pediati- Infect Dis J 1989:94-99. 9.
  • Sade J, Luntz M. Eustachian tube lumen: comparison between normal and inflamed specimens. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1989; 98: 630.
  • Sell LH. The clinical importance of Haemophilus influenzae infections in children. Pediatric clinics of North America 1970;17:415-426. 
  • Sih TM. Acute Otitis Media in Brazilian Children: Analysis of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility. Annals of Otol Rhinol & Laryngol 2001;110;7:662-666.
  • Stahlberg MR. The influence of form of day care on occurrence of acute respiratory tract infection among young children. acta Pediatr Scand 1980;69 (Suppl 282):1-87.
  • Stewart JL, Otitis media in the first year of life in two Eskimo communities. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1989;98:200-201.
  • Stool SE, Field MJ. The impact of otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989;8 (suppl. I):11-14.
  • Teele DW, et al. Epidemiology of otitis media in children. ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980;89(Suple 68):5-6.
  • Teele DW, Klein JO, Rosner BA et al. Epidemiology of otitis media during the seven years of life in children in Greater Boston. A prospective study. J Infect Dis 1989;160:83-94.
  • Telle WV, Klein JO, Rosner B. and the Greater Boston Otitis Media Study Group. Epidemiology of Otitis Media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: a prospective study. J lnfect Dis. 1989;160:83-91.
  • Turner D, Leibovitz E, Aran A, Piglansky L, Raiz S, Leiberman A, Dagan R. Acute otitis media in infants younger than two months of age: microbiology, clinical presentation and therapeutic approach. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:669-74. [Pub-Med]
  • Uhari M, Mäntysaari K, Niemelä M. A meta-analytic review of the risk factors for acute otitis media. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 1996;22:1079-1083.

                                                           

   Capítulo 3   Patogenia de la OMA.

  • Berstein J, in Sih T. Infectologia em Otorinopediatria. Revinter, RJ. 2000;190-194.
  • Bluestone CD, Cantekin EI, Beery QC. effect of inglammation on the ventilatory function of the eustachian tube. laryngoscope 1977;67:493-507. 
  • Bluestone CD. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of chronic suppurative otitis media: implications for prevention and treatment. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1998;42(3):207-23. [Pub-Med]
  • Caldas N, Caldas S; Sih T. Otologia e Audiologia em Pediatria. 2000, Revinter, RJ. Pp 215-220.
  • Chonmaitre T. Viral otitis media. Pediatric annals 1990;19:522-532.
  • Fireman Ph. Nuevos conceptos sobre otitis media. Hospital Practice  (ed española) 1988;3:48-57.
  • Giebink SG, in Sih T. Infectologia em Otorinopediatria. Revinter, RJ. 2000; 231-240.
  • Jorgensen F, Petruson B, Hanson HA. Extensive variations in nasal mucosa in infants whit and without recurrent acute otitis media. a scannin electro-microscopic study. Arch Otolaryngo Head Neck Surg 1989:115:571-580.
  •  Junt Sk, Paparella MM, Kim CS. Pathogenesis of otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1977;481:86-96.
  • Kirkham L, Wiertsema S, Smith-Vaughan H, Thornton R, Marsh R, Lehmann D, Leach A, Morris P, Richmond P. Are you listening? The inaugural Australian Otitis Media (OMOZ) workshop – towards a better understanding of otitis media. The Medical Journal of Australia, 2010;193(10):569-571.
  • Lemriey A. Oto-rhino-laryngologie infantile. Ed. Masson, París. 1956.▪    Murphy TF, Bernstein JM, Dryja DM, Campagnari AA, Apicella MA. Outer membrana protein and lipoligosacharide analysis of paired nasopharyngeal and midle aer isolates in otitis media due to non typable Haemophilus influenzae: pathogenic and epidemiological observation. J Infect Dis 1987;156:723-731.
  • Revai K, Mamidi D, Chonmaitree T. Association of nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization during upper respiratory tract infection and the development of acute otitis media. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;15;46(4):34-7. [Pub-Med]

                                                  

   Capítulo 4.   Clínica y exploración de la OMA.

  • Browning GG. Childhood otalgia: acute otitis media. BMJ 1990;300:1005-1007. 
  • Jones W, Kaleida P. How helpful is pneumatic otoscopy in improving diagnostic accuracy? Pediatrics 2003; 112(3):510-513.
  • Niemela M, Uhan M,Jounio-Ervasti K, Moore 0, Lack of specific symp-tomatology in children with acute otitis media. Pediati- Infect Dis J 1994;13:65-68.
  • Stephen Pelton. Otoscopy for the diagnosis of otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1998;17:540-543.

                                         

   Capítulo 5.    Evolución y diagnóstico de la OMA.

  • Brown C, Magnuson B. On the physics of the infant feeding bottle and middle ear sequela: Ear disease in infants can be associated with bottle feeding. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolar 2000; 54:13-20.
  • Froom J, Culeper L,  Grob P, et al. Diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of acute otitis media. report from International Primary Care Network BMJ 1990;300:582-586.
  • Giebink GS, Cabafax DM.Controversies in the menagement of acute otitis media. En Atonof S.C. et al. Advances in pediatric infectious disease. Year Book Medical Publishers Inc. Chicago 1988; 47-64.
  • Hendely J. Clinical practice otitis media. N Engl J 2002; 347:1169-1174.
  • Howie VM. Natural history of otitis media. ann Otol rhinol Laryngol 1975; 84 (suple 19):67-72.
  • Mandell EI, et al. Duration of effusion after antibiotic treatment for acute otitis media. comparison of cerfaclor and amoxicilin. Ped Infect Dis 1982;1:310-316.
  • Marchant CD, Carlin SA, Johnson CE, Shurin PA. Measurin the comparative efficacy of antibacterial afents for acute otitis media. The pollyana phenomenom. J Pediatr 1992; 120:72-77.
  • Weiss JC, Yates GR, Quinn LD. Acute otitis media: making an accurate diagnosis. Am Fam Physician 1996;53:1200-6.

                                          

   Capítulo 6. Formas clínicas de la OMA.

  • Bland RD. Otitis media in the firsts six weeks of life. Diagnosis, bacteriology and management. Pedaitrics 1972;49:187-197. 
  • Collet JP, Stagnara J, Floret D et al. Pathologies ORL et bronchopulmonaires du jeune nourrison: Facteurs influençant la récidive. II journées européen de recherche en pédiatrie ambulatoire. Lousanne, Set 1990; Livre de résumes: 23.  
  • Haggard P, Birkin A, Browning G. Behavior problems in otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994;13: S43-50.
  • Moore DR, Hutchings ME, Meyer SE. Binaural masking level differenc-es in children with a history of otitis media. Hear Res 1992; 63:71-78. 27.
  • Onion DK, Taylor C. The epidiology of recurrent otitis media. Am J Public Health 1977;67:472-474.
  • Paparella MM, Kimberly B, Alleva M. The concept of silent otitis media. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1991; 24: 763-74.
  • Pichichero ME, Pichichero CL. Persistent acute otitis media: I. Causative pathogens. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14(3):178-83. [Pub-Med]
  • Ress BD, Luntz M, Telischi FF, Balkany TJ, Whiteman ML. Necrotizing External Otitis in Patients with AIDS. Laryngoscope 1997; 107 (4): 456-460.
  • Saarinen UM. Prolonget breast feeding as prophylaxis for recurrent otitis media. Acta Paediatr Scand 1982;71:567-671.
  • Schutze G y Jacobs R. Antimicrobial prophylaxis. Pediatrics in Review 1994; 15: 280-5.▪    Sthlberg MR, Ruuskanen O, Virolainen E. Risk factors for recurrent otitis media. Pediatr lnfect Dis J. 1986;5:30-33.

                                                                          

   Capítulo 7. Tratamiento de la otitis media aguda.

  • Acuna C, Rabasseda X. Amoxicillin-sulbactam: A clinical and therapeutic review. Drugs Today (Barc). 2001;37(3):193-210. [Pub-Med]
  • Baccazzi A, Carecin P Acute otitis media in pediatrics: Are there rational issues for empyric therapy? Pediati- Infect Dis 1 1997; 16 suppl 3: 865-869.
  • Block SL, Hedrick J, Harrison CJ, Tyler R, Smith A, Findlay R, et al. Community-wide vaccination with the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate 10 significantly alters the microbiology of acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23: 829–33.
  • Block SL, Harrison CJ, Hedrick JA, y col. Penicillin-resistent Streptococcus pneumoniae in acute otitis media: risk factors, susceptibility patterns and antimicrobial management. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14:751-9.
  • Bluestone CD, Wittel R, Paradise JL, Felder H. Eustachian tube funtion as related to adenoidectomy for otitis media. Trans AAOO 1972;76:1325-1339.
  • Bluestone CD, Beery QC. Certain effects of adenoidectomy on eustachian tube ventilatory function. Laryngoscope 1975;85:113-127.
  • Bluestone CD. Moderri management of otitis media pediatric. Clin North Am 1989;36:1371-1375.
  • Bluestone CD, Klein JO. Menagement otitis media in infants and children. Piladelphia: WB Saunders 1996;-97:121-201.
  • Bogomil'skii MP, Komarov RM. Azithromycin in the treatment of acute otitis media. Antibiot Khimioter. 2002;47:43-8. [Pub-Med]

  • Bouchen van FL, et al. Acute otitis media a newtreatment strateegy. Br Med J 1985;290:1033.1037.

  • Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Changes in frequency and pathogens causing acute otitis media in 1995–2003. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23: 824–8.

  • Cohen R. The antibiotic treatment of acute otitis media and sinusitis in children. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1997;27:35-9.

  • Cohen R, De La Rocque F, Boucherat TM, Doit C, Bingen E, Geslin P.Treatment failure in otitis media: an analysis. J Chemother. 6 (Suppl 4):17-22, 1994.
  • Coleman C. Moore M. Decongestants and antihistamines for acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD001727. 2008.
  • Comdr LFJ, Crosson Jr MC, Watson C, Bailey DWQ, MacLowry JD, Acute otitis media caused by ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type B. JAMA 1976;326:2778-2779. 
  • Culpepper L, Froom J. Routine antimicrobial treatment of acute otitis media. Is it necessary?. JAMA 1997; 278:1643-1645.
  • Dagan R. Clinical significance of antibiotic resistance in acute otitis media and implication of antibiotic treatment on carriage and spread of resistant organisms. Pediat Infect Dis J 2000; 19(5 Suppl).
  • Dagan R, McCracken GH Jr. Flaws in design and conduct of clinical trials in acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21(10):894-902. [Pub-Med]
  • Debernat H, Delma C, Rich C, Leveell V, Joy B. charazterization of Hemophilus influenzae isolated from patients with otitis media. Eur J Clini Microbiol Infect Dis 1988;7:219-225. 
  • Del Castillo F. Manejo de la otitis media. Rev Esp Quimioterap 1996;9(Supl 2):35-40.-    Del Castillo F. Tratamiento de la otitis media aguda en niños. Algunos interrogantes. Enferm Microbiol Clin Infecc 1997;15:212-217.
  • Del Mar C, Glasziou P, Hayem M. Are antibiotics indicated as initial treatment for children with acute otitis media? A Meta-analysis. BJM 1997; 314:1526-1529.
  • Dickson DP, Loos BG, Dryya DM, Berstein JM. Restrction fragment mapping of Bramella cararrhalis: A new tool for studying the Epidemiology of this middle ear pathogen. J InfectDis 1988; 158:205-208.
  • Dowell SF, Marcy SM, Phillips WR, Gerber MA, Schwartz B. Principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents for pediatric upper respiratory tract infections. Pediatrics1998;101: 163-184.
  • Eskola J, Kilpi T, Palmu A, Jokinen J, Haapakoski J, Herva E, Takala A, Käyhty H, Karma P, Kohberger R, Siber G, Mäkelä PH; Finnish Otitis Media Study Group. Efficacy of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media. N Engl J Med. 2001; 8;344(6):403-9. [Pub-Med]
  • Faden H, Berstein J, Brodsky L, Stanyevich J, Kristophik D, Schuff C, Hong JJ, Ogra PA. Otitis media in children. I. The systemic inmune response to nontypable Haemophilus influenzae. J Infect Dis 1989;160:999-1004.
  • Finney JW, Friman PC, Rapoff MA, Christophersen ER. Improving compliance with antibiotic regimens for otitis media. AJDC 1985;139:89-95. 
  • Fireman B, Black SB, Shinefield HR, et al. Impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22:10-16.
  • Froom J, Culpepper L, Grob P et al. Diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of acute otitis media: report from Intgernational Primary Care Network. BMJ 1990; 300:582-586.
  • Garau J. Impacto de la resistencia a los macrólidos en la infección neumocócica. An Esp Pediatr 2002; 56 supl 1:54-58.
  • Glasziou PP, Hayem M, Del Mar CB. Antibiotic versus placebo for acute otitis media in children (Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 1998, Oxford: Update Sofware.
  • Green SM, Rothrock SG. Single-dose intramuscular ceftriaxone for acute otitis media in children. Pediatrics 1993;91:23-9.
  • Greenberg D, Hoberman A. Vaccine prevention of acute otitis media. Cur Allergy Asthma Rep 2001; 1:358-363.-    Hoberman A, Marchant CD, Kaplan SL, Feldman S. Treatment of acute otitis media consensus recommendations. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2002;41:373-90. [Pub-Med]
  • Hwang JH, Tsai HY, Liu TC. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in discharging ears. Acta Otolaryngol. 2002;122:827-30. [Pub-Med]
  • Jacobs MR. Prevention of otitis media: role of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in reducing incidence and antibiotic resistance. J Pediatr. 2002:141:287-93. [Pub-Med]
  • Jeffrey L. Blumer. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of new and old antimicrobial agents for acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1998;17:1070-5.
  • van Kempen MJ, Vaneechoutte M, Claeys G, Verschraegen GL, Vermeiren J, Dhooge IJ. Antibiotic susceptibility of acute otitis media pathogens in otitis-prone Belgian children. Eur J Pediatr. 2004;163(9):524-9. [Pub-Med]
  • Kenna M. Treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1994; 27: 457-72.
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   Capítulo 8.   Tratamiento según la fase evolutiva.

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